Snow White and Red Rose

There was once a poor woman who lived in an old thatched cottage . In front of the cottage grew two rose bushes. One grew flowers as white as snow, the other had flowers as red as wine. The woman had two daughters who resembled these rose bushes: one had a complexion as white as snow, the other lips as red roses. She named her daughters snow white and red rose. They were both good girls, but very different. Snow white, the elder, liked to stay with her mother and help her around the house, while her sister, Red rose, would wander the fields collecting flowers. But they loved each other dearly, and enjoyed each other’s company. This pleased there mother. ‘what one has she must share with the other. ’ The two girls liked to go walking in the woods to pick berries. Although the woods were filled with wild animals they never came to any harm-rather the reverse. The rabbits would come would come to feed from their hands and the deer would walk by their sides. If the girls were far from their home when night fell, they would make themselves a bed on the soft moss and sleep peacefully until morning. Their mother did not worry, as she knew her daughters were perfectly safe in the woods. The cottage itself was spotlessly clean, thanks to the way the two girls helped their mother. Red rose did the work housework during the summer. She would rise early, before anyone else was awake, so that she could bring her fresh flowers to put by her bed. During the winter, it was Snow white who lit the fire and set the cooking pot to boil. It was a copper cauldron, but she cleaned it so well, it shone like gold. One evening, as the snow falling softly outside, Snow white and Rose red sat by the fire as their mother read to them. A small lamb lay beside them, basking in the warmth, and a dove dozed on its perch above them. As the night drew on there came a loud knock at the door. ‘Quickly, Rose red,’ said her mother. ‘Open the door. It must be a lost traveller looking for shelter for the night. ’ Rose red opened the door, but standing there, instead of a traveller, was a enormous bear! She screamed and Snow white ran to hide behind her mother. ‘Do not be afraid,’ said the bear. ’ I mean you no harm. I am dying of cold and I am simply seeking some warmth. ‘The lamb trembled with fear and the dove flew away at the sound of the bear’s voice, but the girls’ mother was not scared. ‘Poor bear,’ she said. ‘Come, and warm yourself by the fire. Come, my daughters, do not be afraid, this bear will not harm you. ‘The girls came closer and were soon felling confident enough to brush the snow from his thick fur and tickle him with a stick. This would make the bear chuckle, but every now and again they would poke him too hard. The bear would growl softly, ‘Snow white, Rose Red, be careful. You almost spread me. ’ When it was time to go to bed, the girl’ mother suggested that the bear stay and sleep close to the fire. The next morning the two sisters woke and saw that the bear had left. Its heavy footprints in the snow led towards the wood. The next night the bear returned, and the next, and the next. All winter, the bear returned to sleep in the thatched cottage. The young girls spent the evenings playing with him, then at daybreak the bear would leave. One morning, when spring had come, the bear to Snow white, ‘I must leave now, and I will not be able to return until after summer. ’ ‘Must you go? ’ asked Snow white. ‘I’m afraid so,’ he replied. ‘I have to protect my treasure from the elves. As long as the ground is cold, the elves cannot find it, but as soon as the sun returns and heats the ground, they try to steal it. Snow white was very sad to see the bear leave, but as he passed the door, the latch caught against his skin and cut him. For a moment Snow white thought she saw a flash of gold shining through his fur, but she glimpsed it so briefly she could not be sure. Seeing snow white’s confused look, bear fled quickly into the woods. Sometime later, Rose red and Snow white were sent by their mother to collect firewood in the forest. As they approached a newly-felled tree, they spotted something hopping around the stump. It was an elf with a long white beard. The end of the beard was caught in the trunk and he pulled and tugged at his beard to try to release it. The elf glared at the girls. ‘What are you, statues? Why don’t you help me? ’ The happened here? ’ asked Red rose nicely. ‘You have a brains of a turkey! ’ the elf snapped back. ‘Can’t you tell that I was trying to chop down this tree here for firewood? It was all doing fine until my beard got caught in this cursed tree. Then you two young turkeys wandered past laughing at me! ’ To two sisters tried to free the elf, but his beard remained held fast on the tree. ‘Let’s go for help,’ suggested Rose red. You idiots! ’ he cried. ‘How dare you cut off the end of my beard? ’ Then he threw the bag on his shoulder and left without even looking at the young girls, let alone thanking them for freeing him. A few days later, Snow white and Rose red decided to go fishing. When they were close to the river, they saw something moving. It was the elf that Snow white had helped a few days earlier. A strong wind had entangled his beard with a fishing line-and at the other end of the line was a big fish. The fish was pulling so hard it threatened to drag the elf into the water. ‘Be careful! shouted Rose red. ‘You’ll fall into the water. ’ ‘I am not doing this on purpose, you fools,’ replied the elf, rudely. ‘It’s this cursed fish which wants me to fall in. ’ The young girls went to help. They hauled the elf into the bank and tried to disentangle the beard from the line. Unfortunately his beard was so twisted that Snow white was forced once again to resort to the scissors. The elf started to howl, ‘Oh, you devils! Why do you feel you have to mutilate the faces of everyone you meet? You disfigured me earlier, cutting off the point off my beard, and now you’ve cut off more! I daren’t show my face now because of you. ’ Snow white and Rose red were astonished. Then the elf added a curse. ‘I wish you only one thing-it is that you have to run without stopping until you have worn out the soles of you shoes. ’ Then he turned his back on the two girls, picked up a bag of pearls he had left on the riverbank, threw it over his shoulder and marched away. A short time afterwards, the girls’ mother sent them to town to buy some needles and thread. The path to the city crossed a moor covered with large rocks. Snow white and Rose red spotted an immense eagle circling in the sky.

Isolated Chloroplasts Bad Example

Light Reactions in Isolated Chloroplasts Racquel Currie University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota Hypothesis If isolated chloroplasts are boiled, the enzymes that occur in photosynthesis are disrupted and the DCIP will not reduce. Chloroplasts are a type of plastid found within the plant they are the basis of photosynthesis. Without photosynthesis there would be no life on earth. Photosynthesis takes the energy from sunlight and coverts it into a chemical energy that can be used by the plant.Isolating chloroplast is a way to separate plastids in order to study the details of the single cell. Isolating the chloroplast helps better understand the functions and helps determine if the isolated chloroplasts are adequate to complete photosynthesis. Biological activity will be determined by using a dye, dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP), as a final electron acceptor. Using spectrophotometry, the reduction of DCIP will be measured to follow the dye from an oxidized (DCIP) to a reduced sta te (DCIPH2) as it accepts electrons from photosystem I (1). Boiling affects the Materials and MethodsIn order to isolate the chloroplasts, the process had to have been completed rapidly in subdued light. When the solutions were not being used they were stored on ice. Ten spinach leaves were rinsed and deveined. They were then placed over ice and chopped with a razor. After, the spinach was placed between eight layers of cheesecloth to squeeze all the liquid derived from the spinach. The liquid was then diluted by adding 20mL of homogenizing buffer (HB). The solution was added to a pre-cooled conical centrifuge tube, and was then centrifuged at 1000 x g for one minute.After, the solution was transferred to another pre-cooled centrifuge tube and was centrifuged at 3000 x g for one minute. Centrifugation resulted in the deposition of a green pellet on the wall of the centrifuge tube near the surface of the liquid (2). This green pellet, together with the green liquid, was separated fro m the more dense material that had been deposited at the bottom of the tube (2). The supernatant was decanted, and the pellet was re-suspended in 10 mL of HB. The final centrifuged process occurred at 3000 x g for one minute.After the final centrifuge the supernatant was poured off and discarded. The isolated chloroplasts were re-suspended and mixed with 10ML of suspension solution (SS). After this process to isolate the chloroplast it was stored on ice and was stable for two to four hours. After the isolation of chloroplasts the question was asked if boiled chloroplast would reduce DCIP reaction mixture, and would this affect the activity of electrons from photosystem 1. 0. 1 mL of chloroplast was measured with a pipette into a tube and then suspended in boiling water for one minute.A spectrometer was used and set to 0 (set at 600nm). There was also a control used, which was chloroplast that went through the same methods as above, although it did not get boiled (heated). The contro l was measured by the spectrometer and the treated (boiled) sample was measured immediately after the boiling process. The control and treatment was then exposed to bright light for 15 second intervals. After each interval the color density was measured by the spectrometer. This process continued until there was no change in the color density. ResultsFigure 1 Figure 2 Discussion DCIP was used as a marker to indicate if the photosynthesis was still taking place in the isolated chloroplasts after boiling. The DCIP replaced the NAPD enzyme. The hypothesis, if isolated chloroplasts are boiled, the enzymes that occur in photosynthesis are disrupted and the DCIP will not reduce was shown to be true based on the results of figure one and two. Where as the control’s color density did decrease with the exposed light intervals. Literature Cited 1. K. Sami Nichols Light reactions in isolated chloroplasts Lab 2. C.RALPH STOCKING. Chloroplast Isolation in non-aqueous media. Plant Physiolo gy 56-60. http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC541142/pdf/plntphys00351-0065. pdf 3. Paul Armond Heat-induced changes of chlorophyll fluorescence in isolated chloroplasts and related heat-damage at the pigment level. Carnegie Institution of Washington http://www. sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/000527287890138X 4. Eric Tuan The Effect of Light Conditions and Boiling on the Rate of Photosynthesis by Isolated Chloroplasts http://www. grochbiology. org/aplabwriteupexample. htm

Klebsiella pneumoniae(Microbiology) Research Paper

Klebsiella pneumoniae(Microbiology) - Research Paper Example It is also present in soil and around 30% of the species fix nitrogen under anaerobic conditions (Postgate, 1998). Research Background Klebsiella is becoming the topic of research as it is emerging as an impetrative pathogen in nosocomial infections. Klebsiella possess two different kinds of antigens one on its cell wall and other on its capsule. The O antigen is present as a cell wall component on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and possess 9 different kinds. The capsular antigen is known as K antigen and possess as many as 80 different kinds. These antigens are responsible for the virulence of the organism (Podschun, 1998). Clinical implications These virulence factors are responsible for disease called pneumonia. Pneumonia is the disease of lungs and results in inflammation of lungs. This results in necrosis of cells. It then produces thick, blood filled mucous or sputum. The causal organism is Klebsiella pneumoniae. The organism gains access into the lower part of respiratory tract and inhabit there as an oropharyngeal microbial population (Todar). If the immune system of the individual is compromised either due to poor nutrition or some condition of illness then the individual is likely to suffer with pneumonia. It is observed that Klebsiella pneumoniae affects individuals suffering from either diabetes, or display any kind of malignancy or witness liver disease or malfunction or if the individual is alcoholic. It is also reported that individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) or suffer from renal failure, they also become victim of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Professional hazard in case of paper mill workers is also observed where personnel are likely to become soft targets for Klebsiella pneumoniae (Todar). Hospitalizations could also result in Klebsiella pneumoniae infestation and therefore the organism is becoming a source of nosocomial infections. Under these conditions, Klebsiella pneumoniae causes bronchopneumonia and also bronchitis. T he patient may witness abscess of lungs, or cavitations in lungs, pus may get collected in the lung cavities resulting in empyema or pleural empyema, as a result of pneumonia, this are linked with parapneumonic effusions. This is a three phase ailment encompassing (Pothula, 1994). a. exudative phase where accumulation of pus takes place. b. fibrinopurulent stage where lot of pus pockets are being generated. c. the organizing stage which causes entrapment of lung(s) (Pothula, 1994). Pleural adhesion may be generated as a result of all the implications causing elevation in death rate. Klebsiella also affects the urinary tract, causing UTI. It also disrupts the intestinal lining and hence causes diarrhea. It is capable of colonizing in the upper respiratory tract and causes upper respiratory tract infection. It also causes infection of wounds, inflammation of gall bladder causing cholecystitis, as well as infection of bone and bone marrow leading to osteomyelitis. The most dreaded infe ction caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae is the inflammation of meninges leading to meningitis, it travels the blood stream leading to septicemia (Todar). The prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae in the invasive device or support equipments or catheters, not only contaminates the device but also position patients at an enhanced risk for Klebsiella infection. Thus sepsis as well as septic shock enables the bacteria to gain entry into the blood (Todar). Research The implications of Klebsiella are so

Religious Conflicts in Lebanon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Religious Conflicts in Lebanon - Essay Example Moreover, there is conflict between the Sunni Muslim majority and the Shiite Muslim minority who been engaged in conflict for a long time and up to date, they are not at peace with each other. The Druze is another distinct fraction in Lebanon, they are also the minority in Lebanese society, and they have been into conflict with the Christians in the 1840s when the country was known as Mount Lebanon. Until today, there is tension between these religious groups as they are trying to build a stable democracy. It can be therefore noted that the chaos among religious groups in Lebanon is as a result of failure to establish a working power sharing system between these groups. This paper explores the religious conflict in Lebanon and it is organized in three sections. The first section presents sectarianism in Lebanon, followed by an analysis of the root of the conflict, identifying the actors and their interests. Lastly, the paper discusses possible solutions and consequences of different policy solutions. Mostly, the conflict in Lebanon is presented as a sectarian conflict, which involves the moderate Christians and the extremist Muslims (â€Å"Troubles a test†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Apart from religious differences between the Christians and the Muslims, there is also conflict within the Muslim community, between the Sunnis and the Shiites. The Muslim society was divided in Sunni and the Shiite because of the power struggle over succession (Tomass 714). The entire population including the Christians and Muslims speak Arabic language; however, sectarianism is a dominant socio-political reality in Lebanese society despite the features they have in common. Sectarianism is not a new in Lebanon, historical Lebanon also called Mount Lebanon used to be shared mainly by Druzes and the Maronites. They did not coexist in peace and harmony as they fought over land ownership and distribution of political power among other issues. But these two groups have coexisted in harmony until the

Stragetic Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Stragetic Plan - Essay Example The main services offered by the organization are the transportation services, leadership training programs, and health style training. The main strength of the organization is government exemptions of taxes and attracting funding. The weaknesses include high operational cost and financial crisis facing the world today. The external environment will also affect the organization because of the cultural diversity of clients. The best strategy for The Divine Life Ventures is to focus on clients because this will attract more clients and funding from all social circles of the society. The main objective of the company is to emancipate people who are blind or of low vision from the dependence on the society. The functional tactics of the company will involve renting the building where operations of the company will be carried out and buying buses on installments for the transportation services. ... The major risk to the organization is the bank debt and the competition it can face from similar firms. Introduction The name of my organization is The Divine Life Ventures. This is a nonprofit organization that provides services for physically disabled people. The focus of The Divine Life Ventures is on people who are blind or have impaired vision. The main focus of the organization is to make the disable people strong enough so that they can live independently. The Divine Life Ventures will be a place where minds will be emancipated and clients will feel a sense of independence. The Divine Life Ventures will provide initially a transportation service, leadership training and development program, and healthy living training. All these services will help them achieve success in their lives. In this report a comprehensive environmental scan will be presented with regards to The Divine Life Ventures. The mission of the organization and its background will be discussed. A detailed imple mentation plan and a risk management plan will also be given. Company Background The Divine Life Ventures is a nonprofit organization therefore it is vital that management personnel are selected that have an experience in this industry. It is also important to choose people who can attract funding from the well to do factions of the society. People will only give their money for a service if they think that money will be used for a good cause and if they trust the people they are giving money. Therefore board of governors of the organization will include many prominent names like Steve Jobs, Bill Gates and movie stars. These people alongside with charity workers will be included in the board of governors. This board will elect a chief

Learning in Alisons Gopnik View Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Learning in Alisons Gopnik View - Essay Example Her study investigates the complicated intelligence-collecting and decision-making that young children and babies are accomplishing when they engage in play activities. Alison Gopnik asserts that babies and young children are the same as the research and development division of the human kind species and adults are the same as production and marketing unit of the human kind species. She explains that young children are the ones who keep on surveying in the blue-sky. They do this with the aim of finding out how the universe operates. In contrast, adults are the ones who, in reality, capture all the things we comprehend as young children and utilize them when we become adults. Alison Gopnik says that young children and babies employ their explorative component to analyze complicated theories relating to the world that is surrounding them, much more than adult persons do when their brains or intellect have reached full capacity. This talk specifically explains how young children and babies get their knowledge from childhood up to adult hood. Alison Gopnik describes young children and babies as mysterious and complex individuals. She seems to have a tremendous attention to young children’s’ minds and highlights a number of experiments and theories. In addition, she explains that both young children’s and babies’ cognitive capacities go beyond those that psychologists have been assigning to them. For example, young children and babies imagine a different person’s occurrences and take in cause and consequence.

Prepare a research proposal for a research project in the area of Dissertation

Prepare a research proposal for a research project in the area of management (including accounting, finance and management scien - Dissertation Example Job Descriptions are lists of the general tasks, or functions, and responsibilities of a position. Job Analysis is necessary for all the functions of Human Resources and better performance in these areas lead to Organizational Development, so we can say that Job Analysis directly, indirectly or eventually leads to Organizational Development. Organization Development (OD) is defined as the process of improving organization. The process is carefully planned and implemented to benefit the organization, its employees and its stakeholders. The current study is at Nestle. This study is conducted to show the significance of Job Analysis for organization development. The reason behind choosing this topic is that I have interest in this topic. This was the most significant criteria for me. Doing the thesis needs a lot of time and the quality of life will be enhanced if these hours are utilized pleasingly. Moreover, the quality of research, writing, and arguments will be much better if I feel genuine passion for my work. This research would be beneficial both for University (name your college/university) and Nestle as it would improve the relations. These professional relationships can help Nestle to hire best talent from (name of your college/university) as their talented human resources. LITERATURE REVIEW: Job Analysis is the systematic process of determining the skills, duties and knowledge required for performing the jobs in an organization (Mondey & Noe, 2006). Traditionally it is an essential and pervasive human resource technique and the starting point for other human resource activities. In today’s rapidly changing work environment, organizations extensively rely on Job Analysis practices in order to enhance Organizational Development. New jobs are being created and old jobs are being redesigned and eliminated. Organizations that want to develop tailor jobs according to changing needs and thus Job Analysis is reviewed. In 1991, Ronald, Lawrence, & Goldberg discussed Job Analysis as the systematic procedure of collecting and analyzing information about jobs. Job Analysis consists of two elements: a Job Description and Job Specification. A Job Description is a written description of the activities that have to be performed. Generally, a Job Description also contains information about tools and equipment used in the job and about the working conditions. So job descriptions specify the job content and the job context. The Job Specification indicates which specific skills, competences, knowledge, capabilities and other physical and personal attributes one must have to perform the job successfully. An acronym that is used to describe which types of attributes are referred to in job analysis is KSAO: Knowledge, Skills, Abilities and Others characteristics (Ronald, Lawrence, & Goldberg, 1991). Job Analysis has been one of the most useful tools for gathering information and developing content valid and legally defensible selection procedures for a wide variety of jobs (Harvey, 1991). When job analysis is used for building the human potential and it is analyzed and reviewed according to the changing requirements of the organization it finally leads to organizational development. DeSimone & Werner (2006) defines organizational

Human Aspects of Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Aspects of Decision Making - Essay Example adership skill is linked to innate abilities within an individual and highlight effective tactics both at internally processing information and outwardly projecting intrinsic personality traits; negating the premise that success in leadership can be learned through instruction. There has recently been a resurgence of interest in the impact of personality in the workplace, including the behaviour of employees and organisational behaviour processes (Leung & Bozionelos, 2004). Effective communication, decision making, and negotiation skills have been heralded as success tools for an organisational leader, however, the idea that these abilities can be learned through instruction is somewhat naà ¯ve. Personality might best be defined as an individuals unique patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that endure over a period of time and across specific situations. These very much internal patterns of awareness help to shape an individuals perceptions regarding how to best handle conflicts, process information, and how to shape a decision to appropriately fit the situation. Successful leaders use their passion, values, and personal mission to create and maintain influence (Frisina & Steltzer, 2001). With this idea in mind, it is important to recognise that learned theories, without the internal propensity for personality-based judgments, are ineffective theories that lack the substance of intuition and personality-based understandings of the environment. Personality traits are literally encoded in the nervous system as structures that guide consistent behaviour across a wide variety of situations (Morris & Maisto, 2005). Recognising the psychological principal that personality is a genetic attribute allows for the assumption that communication, decision making, and negotiation practices are derived of inborn, natural talents that cannot be properly taught through any contemporary module. This really should not be surprising, because all executives are different,

Problem Solving Mini Project Report Essay Example for Free

Problem Solving Mini Project Report Essay 1.Introduction NTU students spend lots of time in tutorial rooms studying. However, the chairs in NTU tutorial rooms are uncomfortable. Seat pans and backrests are plastic and tables attached to right armrests are 20cm above the seat pans and too small to place taptops. Students complain about these chairs. According to our group’s survey, 70 of 72 SM2 students suffer backaches after long hours of writing sitting on the chairs. Since tables are fixed, most students are forced to bend down to write on the table for a long time, which puts a great strain on their backs and causes pain. Also, half students interviewed feel the illumination of rooms is inadequate. Therefore, we have modified the TR chairs to solve these problems. 2.Body 2.1 Criteria for solution The modified chairs should meet the following requirements: †¢Tables are adjustable and easy to fold; †¢Backrests support the back of the body; †¢Seatmats are soft; †¢Tables can generate light according to indoor lighting conditions; †¢Chairs are aesthetically pleasing; †¢Cost is low. 2.2 Description of the solution Our ‘wonderchairs’ are like glossy silver eggs made from hard glass-fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP). Chairs have three foldable layers with two wheels at the bottom. The top layer with one side stuffed with rayon can be flipped over as a backrest. The backrest is positioned at an angle of 100 °and stuffed with soft Rayon stuffing which supports the back of the body comfortably. The second layer serves as a table with a 22cm-radius, overcoming the existing defect of being too small which hinders comfortable writing. It can be easily lifted and pushed forward by 20cm by pulling or rotating a lever to suit a student’ personal need so that he can write comfortably on the table. The third layer is a relaxing 24cmÃâ€"24cm seat with a beige corduroy cover and Rayon stuffing. The tables can automatically generate light from LED lamps on the desktop. Lamps are 25cm sticks in a groove on the table when not working. By rotating them 90 °we connect the lamps to a circuit and they start working. Tables consist of three layers. The first is made from transparent GFRP to allow maximum light to pass through and be absorbed and turned into electricity by the photo-voltaic panel in the second layer. The second layer also contains a light sensor detecting lighting condition and accordingly adjusting the intensity of the lamp light. Powered by photo-voltaic panel, the lamp produces proper light according to the indoor illumination conditions. This ensures appropriate room lighting. The third layer is opaque GFRP to strengthen the table. The self-lighting system utilizes solar energy to create light, so it is energy-saving and environmentally-friendly. 2.3 Cost The wonderchairs have low cost and predict great potential for mass use in colleges. One chair: SG$ 1 (Rayon)1 SG$ 1 (Aluminum lever+wheels)2 SG$ 2 (GFRP)3 SG$ 2.5 (solar panel)4 SG$ 0.1 (light sensor)5 SG$ 1 (lamp)6 Total: SG$ 7.51 3 Conclusion Our wonderchairs are targeted at reducing present NTU TR chairs’ discomfort and harm to the human body. Their soft seatmats, supportive backrests and adjustable tables minimize backaches and maximize comfort levels for students. The lighting system provides appropriate light. Their revolutionary egg-shaped design also appeals to students. Moreover, they are cheap enough to be used on a great scale and their use can be extended to homes and offices to benefit more people.

Industrialised Building System: Precast Concrete Elements

Industrialised Building System: Precast Concrete Elements In Malaysia, the implementation of Industrialised Building System (IBS) by using precast concrete elements were introduced since 1966 when the government lauched two projects which involves the construction of Rifle range Road Flats in Penang and Tuanku Abdul Rahman Flats in Kuala Lumpur. From the survey conducted by CIDB Malaysia, the level of usage in IBS in the local construction industry is 15 % in 2003 although many government initiatives have been introduced to encourage the use of IBS. Therefore a study is conducted to study will be conducted to study the current awareness of the usage of IBS in Malaysia. Furthermore this study will be conducted to analyse ways to improve the implementation of IBS in the local construction industry. Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Rationale for the Research Industrialised Building System (IBS) was introduced since the 60s in Malaysia. There are several benefits of IBS such as speed up the construction progress and possibly reduce labour force, construction cost and risk as well. Even IBS have many benefits but there is still have some problems in implementing IBS into the construction industry mainly due to lack of knowledge in IBS among the contractor. Research done by Lim Sin Peng in year 2009 showed that the usage or implementation level of IBS is still low in Malaysia construction industry. According to Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) (2003b) report construction project using IBS in Malaysia stands 15 percentage (%) in the year 2003 and the complete project using IBS in year 2006 only 10 % ( CIDB, 2007b) less than one-third of the total construction project (using at least one IBS product) in year 2006 (CIDB 2007a). The first IBS project, Pekeliling Flat, was initiated by the Government at Jalan Pekeliling, Kuala Lumpur in 1964. The implementation of IBS in Malaysia was not well accepted by the construction industry after the first adoption of IBS proves to be a failure in keeping to construction cost within the estimated budget. Thus, the aim of study is to change the perception of the construction industry towards IBS. 1.2 Problem Statement The implementation level of IBS is perceived to be lower compared to the advantages outlined by the construction industry. The following questions need to be answered before the issues could be addressed: Question 1: What is the implementation level of IBS in Malaysia construction industry? If the implementation level of IBS is consider low in Malaysia construction industry, then only can proceed to the next research question. Question 2: Why there are fewer contractors implementing in IBS? This will provide some ideas that about what stop the contractors from using IBS. Question 3: How to motivate contractor to implementing in IBS? This will provide recommendation to increase the level of implementation to meet the objectives of CIDB and Government to provide better production in construction industry. 1.3 Research Aim The research aim is to examine the reasons and factors of why fewer contractors implement IBS in Malaysia construction industry 1.4 Objectives The objectives of this study are to establish the implementation level of IBS here in Kuala Lumpur as general of Malaysia. The study also determines the barriers to contractors for not implementing IBS. In addition, it also evaluates the usefulness and advantages of using IBS. Moreover, the study also is to recommend factors that would encourage contractor to implement IBS. 1.5 Importance and Benefits of Study The importance of this study is to find out the reasons of unpopularity of this system in Malaysia in comparison to other countries such as Japan, Singapore, and United Kingdom (UK) which have implemented the IBS successfully. In chapter 2, the literature reviews will discussed further. Beside that, the benefits of this study are Getting familiar with the concept of IBS Clear of view on the type and characteristics of IBS Get to know the level of acceptance of IBS in Malaysia construction industry Visualized the benefits and limitation of using IBS 1.6 Scope of Research and Limitation In the dissertation, the scope of study will on focus on the adoption level of using IBS especially in the contractor point of view. Further more, some reasons and factors that might affect the implementation of IBS and what would be the best motivations for contractor to use IBS will be discuss as well. The limitation of this research is the questionnaire requires a lot of respondent around 200 and it does not ensure that they will make any feedback. Due to the limitation of the transport and there are many contractor firms, so this research will only remain in Kuala Lumpur and Klang Valley area. 1.7 Research Methodology 1.7.1 Questionnaire Quantitative method will be used to conduct this research. Question survey will be conducted for targeting respondent from Kuala Lumpur and Klang Valley area to determine their awareness of the certain issues or factors. This method will take some time of conducting a survey, so time must be allowed for late returns and responses to follow up attempts. Moreover, this is the simplest way to obtain information from targeted groups. Data collected from questionnaire will firstly check for the accuracy before carried out to work out the analysis by using statistical analysis software such as SPSS. Objective 1 To find out the implementation level of IBS in Malaysia Objective 2 Determine the barriers for contractor to implement IBS Literature Review Quantitative method Objective 3 Evaluate the positive effect of using IBS Questionnaire Objective 4 Give factors that would encourage contractor to implement IBS Analyze and develop solutions SPSS software Achieve aim and objectives. Conclusion and Recommendation Figure Research Methodological Method 1.8 Structure of Dissertation This dissertation is consists of five (5) chapters as described as below: Chapter 1 Introduction This chapter includes brief description of the problem statement with the purpose of conducting this research and its aim and objectives. It also includes the scope of study and benefits of the study. In addition, a brief description of the method that used in study, collecting relevant data and information. A brief introduction on the subsequent chapters is discussed as well. Chapter 2 Literature Review This chapter focuses on the review made from articles, journal, newspapers cutting, quotes from authors and online articles related to IBS. The fundamental part of this chapter is to discuss in depth about the benefits of using IBS, limitation of using IBS and barriers implementing IBS in construction industry of Malaysia. Chapter 3 Research Methodology This chapter explains the methodology will adopted in detail including the method used by the researcher to achieve the earlier mentioned objective for the research purpose. Chapter 4 Analysis of the Results This Chapter will covers the presentation on the result from carries out the data collected from the respondents through the survey questionnaire will be analyzed and will be tabulated in the form of chart and discussed in detail. Chapter 5 Conclusion and Recommendation This chapter concludes the research, its findings and analysis regarding the issue of the study including the limitations encountered during the research. The last part of this chapter is the recommendations and some personal comment had been given to improve the study as well as future research. Chapter 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction In this chapter, the author reviewed works done by others through journals, articles, newspaper cutting, and quotes from authors and online articles collected. IBS system is a process to speed up the construction work and to minimize the dependency of labour on site. The objective of this study is further discussed about the barriers of contractor in implementing IBS. Besides that, this chapter also will focus on the basic review of IBS such as definitions, background, types and characteristics in IBS and have a basic introduction about the detail of IBS. Industrialised building is the term given to building technology where modern systematized methods of design, production planning and control as well as mechanized and automated manufacture are applied (Ingemar Lofgren and Kent Gylltoft, 2000) While Building system mean a building system includes design rules and a product system whose parts have compatible interfaces, thus permitting the use of several alternative components and assemblies is assured by means of a dimensional and tolerance system as well as connection and joint (Ingemar Lofgren and Kent Gylltoft, 2000) 2.2 Definition of IBS There was no commonly accepted or agreed definition of IBS. Several authors have defined IBS as process or a technique. Blimas et. al. (2006) and Pan et. al. (2008) defined that IBS is often referred by literatures as off -site construction, off-site production, industrialised and automated construction. Warszawski (1999) explain in detail that an industrialized process is and investment in equipment, facilities, and technology with the objective of maximizing production output, minimising labour resource, and improving quality while a building system is defined as a set of interconnected element joint together to enable the designated performance of a building. Another definition by Trikha (1999) claimed that IBS also may be defined in which all building components such as wall, floor slab, column and staircase are mass produced either n factory or at site under strict quality control and minimal on site activities Another definition that clarified by Junid (1986) where IBS as process by which components of building are conceived, planned and fabricated, transported and erected at site. The system includes balance combination between software and hardware component. The software elements include system design, which is complex process of studying the requirement of the end user, market analysis and the development of standardise component, establishment of manufacturing and assembly layout and process, allocation of resources and materials and definition of a building designer conceptual framework.The software elements provide a prerequisite to create the conducive environment for industrialised to expand. According to Junid (1986), the hardware elements are categorised into three major groups. These include frame or post and beam system, panel system, and box system. The framed structures are defined as those structure that carry the loads through their beams and girders to columns and to the ground whilst in panel system load are distributed through large floor and wall panels. The box systems include those system that employ three-dimensional modules (or boxes) for fabrication of habitable units are capable of withstand load from various directions due to their internal stability. CIDB defined IBS as construction system whereby the components are manfactured in a factory, on-site or off-site, then positioned and assembled into structures with minimal addtional site work. 2.3 Classifications of IBS This section will focus on the classification of the building system that are published internationally and in Malaysia There are four types of building system under IBS in Malaysia and there are namely conventional column-beam-slab frame systems with timber and plywood as formwork, cast in-situ system with steel or aluminium as formwork, prefabricated system and the composite building system is shown in figure 2.1. Each building system is represented by its construction technology, functional and geometrical configuration (Badir et al, 1998). (cited at Thanoon et. al., 2003) According to Majzub (1977) has different concept in classifying building system that is the relative weight of the components should be used as a basis for building classification shown in figure 2.2. The factor of weight has significant impact on the transportability of the components and also has influences on the production method of the components and their erection method on site. This classification method is found to be inadequate to incorporate other building system flourish recently. There are five types of IBS had being used in Malaysia: (IBS Road Maps 2003-2010) Type 1: Pre-Cast Concrete Framing, Panel and Box System The most common group of IBS products is pre-cast concrete of elements in construction industry. For example, there are including columns, beams, slabs, Three-Dimension (3D) components (balconies, staircase, toilet, lift chambers), permanent concrete formwork, and so on. (CIDB, 2005). Pre-cast concrete framing, panel and box system is under categories of prefabricated system. The advantage using this is because it cans minimum waste due to work environment in factory is easier to control. Panel system is use for the construction of interior walls and exterior walls offer speed of construction in many ways. For box system will achieve ultimate objective of industrialization that is a maximum saving of human labour on site. Figure Pre-cast Concrete Elements Type 2: Steel Formwork Systems This system considered as least prefabricated IBS, as they generally involve site casting and subject to offer high quality finishes and fast construction with less site labour can come in tunnel formwork, beams, columns, and slab moulding forms permanent steel formworks (metal decks) and so on. (CIDB, 2005) The steel formwork is prefabricated in the factory and then installed on site. Figure Steel Formwork Systems Type 3: Steel Framing System This system always be the popular choice and used intensively in the fast-track construction of skyscrapers. Recent development in this types system included the increased usage of light steel trusses. Steel is non combustible material and improves fire safety and reduces amount of structural damages in the event of a fire happen. Example: Steel beam, columns, portal frames, roof trusses. (CIDB, 2005). Steel framing also consider as prefabricated system and it to be erected whereby welding at joints are conducted. This system cans faster the progress construction. Figure Steel Frame Systems Type 4: Prefabricate Timber Framing System While the latter are more popular, timber building frame offering interesting designs from dwelling units to buildings requiring high aesthetical values such as chalets for resorts Example: Timber frame, timber roof trusses (CIDB, 2005). The advantage of the system is mainly in the interior flexibility, as large space can be used for different functions and can be easily changed or modified according to the use. Figure Prefabricated Timber Framing System Type 5: Block Work System This system has revolutionizes by the development and usage of interlocking concrete masonry units (CMU) and lightweight concrete blocks. The tedious and time-consuming traditional brick-laying tasks are greatly simplified by the usage of there effective alternative solutions. Block work system also consider under prefabricated system. The benefits of block work system are faster construction and increase bricklayer longevity. Moreover, its also increased energy savings like lightweight concretes resistance to heat flow is twice of medium and heavy weight concrete, its mean that less heating/cooling energy is needed. Figure Block work 2.4 Characteristics of IBS It is important to have the following characteristics only consider to be accepted as part of the IBS and ensure the achievement of proven benefits of IBS. Each of them will be discuss briefly at below (CIDB 2008): Industrial production of components though pre-fabrication; or highly mechanized in-situ processes. For example, permanent steel formwork Reduced labour during pre-fabrication of the components and site works. Modern design and manufacturing methods involving information Technology such as the usage of Computer Aided design (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) Systematic Quality control such as ISO 9000 principles Open Building Concept i.e permitting the hybrid applications, and adaptable to standardization and Modular Coordination (MC) Figure The Characteristics of Building System Sources: Adopted from Abdullah M.R., 2009 2.5 Implementation Level of IBS in Malaysia The use of IBS have various advantages such as the reduction dependency of foreign workers, less wastage, less volume of building materials, increased environmental and construction site cleanliness and better quality control compare to conventional method. These advantages also promote a safer and more organised construction site, and reduce the completion time of construction. Many world-class Malaysian developers have chosen IBS over the conventional methods for important projects such as the Petronas Twin Towers, Putrajaya, KL Sentral, and KLIA. (IBS Roadmap, 2003 -2010) Even so, the usage level of IBS in building is still low. From a survey conducted by CIDB Malaysia, the usage level of IBS in the local construction industry stands at only 15% (IBS Survey 2003). The early efforts of the Government to encourage the use of IBS in the construction sector has yet to garner a good response, and this sector is still practicing conventional construction methods that have proven time and again to be wasteful, dangerous and messy. Relatively, the low labour cost in this country is the root cause of the industry failing to reform and being complacent with the current level of productivity, quality and safety. (IBS Roadmap, 2003 -2010) Moreover, according to the newspaper the star 2009 stated that Jamilus explained that IBS was a construction technique in which components were manufactured in a controlled environment (on-site, off-site), transported, positioned and assembled into a structure with minimal additional site work. Beside that, out of 1,400 contractors in Johor, there only 4% of it are using this systems. Moreover, he said that since year 2008, there only 51 contractors in the state have been reported to use the IBS system in their building projects and the number were expected improve in time. (The star, 2009) 2.6 Malaysias Experiences in IBS The usage of IBS is not new in the Malaysia construction industry. The idea using IBS in Malaysia was first purpose during the early 60s when the Minister housing and Local Government visited several European countries and evaluated their building system performance. At the time, the government makes a big decision to give a try on a two pilot projects using IBS concept. The first project, Pekeliling Flat was constructed along Jalan Pekeliling with construction of 7 blocks of 17 storey flats, and 4 blocks of 4 storey flats comprising around 3,000 units of low cost flats and 40 storey shop lot and this project using large panel industrialized prefabricated systems. On the other hand, the second project was built in Penang with the construction of 6 blocks of 17 storey flats and 3 blocks of 18 storey flats comprising 3,699 units and 66 shop lots along the Jalan Rifle Range and this project was using the French Estiot System (Din, 1984). Even though the first implementation IBS was not successful due to the failure to keep within cost estimation but there are some successful adoption too. Among the significant projects that implement IBS are including KL Sentral. KL Convention Centre, KLIA, etc Following is the Successful implemented of IBS throughout Malaysia (CIDB Malaysia, 2003) Year 2007 Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART Tunnel), Kuala Lumpur The Spring Shopping Mall, Kuching, Sarawak Year 2006 Kuching International Airport, Kuching, Sarawak Persada Johor International Convention Centre, Johor Bahru Year 2005 Serdang Hospital, Serdang, Selangor The Curve, Mutiara Damansara, Selangor Year 2001 Kuala Lumpur Sentral ( KL Sentral), Kuala Lumpur Likas Stadium, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Year 1998 Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA), Sepang, Selangor Malawati Indoor Satdium, Bukit Jalil, Selangor Year 1997 Petronas Twin Tower, Kuala Lumpur Bukit Jalil, Bukit Jalil, Salangor Year 1984 Daybumi Complex, Kuala Lumpur Year 1981 High end bungalows and low cost houses throughout Selangor 2.7 The Advantages for IBS adoption in Construction Industry There are some several advantages using IBS (MCRJ, 2009) 1. Reduce Remittances by foreign worker: The Government aimed to achieve 100 percent usage of IBS and to reduce to 15 percent or approximately 50,000 of foreign workers in the construction industry by 2010. With the current foreign workers totaling 227,000, the remittances of the foreign workers amounted to about 7.5 billion. It is expected that the Government would be able to reduce the remittances with the full implementation of IBS. (Bernama.com, 2006) 2. Enhance Efficiency of Construction Process and Higher Productivity: IBS is a methodology whereby a local construction industry is driven towards the adoption of an integrated and encouraging key players in the construction industry to produce and utilize pre-fabricated and mass production of the building at their work sites. This will help to enhance the efficiency of construction process, allowing a higher productivity, quality, time and cost saving. (CIDB, 2004) 3. Produce Better Product: IBS promises elevated levels of expertise throughout the industry, from manufacturers, installers, engineers, planners, designers, and developers. The benefits of IBS will ultimately produce better products for the population (CIDB, 2003) 4. Reduce Wastage, Less Site Materials, Costs, Cleaner and Neater Environment: The IBS, which enables on-site prefabricated or pre-cast building components manufactured at factories offers minimal wastage, less site materials, cleaner and neater environment, controlled quality, and lower total construction cost (CIDB, 2003). For example, the repetitive use of system formwork made up of steel, aluminium, etc and scaffolding provides considerable cost savings (Bing et al. 2001). 5. Higher Quality of Component: An industrialised building system component produces higher quality of components attainable through careful selection of materials, use of advanced technology and strict quality assurance control (Din,1984) 6. Reduce Labour at Site: Prefabrication takes place at a centralised factory, thus reducing labour requirement at site. This is true especially when high degree of mechanisation is involved (Warszawski, 1999) 7. Faster Completion: An industrialised building system allows for faster construction time because casting of precast element at factory and foundation work at site can occur simultaneously. This provides earlier occupation of the building, thus reducing interest payment or capital outlays (Waleed et al., 2003) 8. Not Affected by Adverse Weather Condition: Construction operation is not affected by adverse weather condition because prefabricated component is done in a factory controlled environment (Waleed et al., 2003) 9. Flexible Design: An industrialised building system allows fexibility in architectural design in order to minimise the monotony of repetitive facades (Warszawski, 1999). An industrialised building system provides flexibility in the design of precast element as well as in construction so that different systems may produce their own unique prefabrication construction methods (Zaini, 2000) 2.8 Barriers of Adoption in Malaysia Construction Industry IBS can replace the conventional building system which is labour oriented However, since the first project of IBS not well accepted by construction parties because of fail to deal with the risks such failure of keep within the cost estimate. For example, the first project incurred 8.1 % higher costs than a similar building that using conventional construction method, while the second project was 2.6% lower than the cost. Both projects also completed in 27 months in term of compare to the construction speed but are inclusive the time of set up the recasting factories too. When come to the quality, the conventional method seems have better quality than IBS. In conclusion, there is a competitive with conventional construction method. Even though IBS is good to implement due to its advantages but the implementation of usage level is still very low. According to Waleed et. al. (2003), the common consensus of all the stakeholders of construction in Malaysia is that, the IBS implementation in Malaysian building construction industry is still very low compared to the conventional methods. This is due to several reasons(MCRJ, 2009): 1. Costs and Return Investment: Wide swings in houses demand, high interest rate and cheap labour cost, make it difficult to justify large capital investment. At present there is an abundance of cheap foreign workers in Malaysia and contractors prefer to use labour intensive conventional building system because it is far easier to lay off workers during slack period. The economic benefits of IBS are not well documented in Malaysia and the past experiences indicated IBS is more expensive due to fierce competition from conventional building system. 2. Lack of skilled and knowledgeable manpower: Fully prefabricated construction system requires high construction precision. Malaysian labour force still lack of skilled workers in IBS implementation. 3. The Practices: The construction industry is very fragmented, diverse and involves many parties. Consensus is required in the use of IBS during planning stage. 4. Knowledge based: Lack of Research Development (RD) in the area of novel building system that uses local materials. Majorities of IBS in Malaysia are imported from developed countries, thus driving up the construction cost. Engineering degrees in local universities seldom teach about the design and construction of IBS. 5. Low Quality: The use of IBS in Japan and Sweden are so successful due to high quality and high productivity but it sis the opposite in Malaysia. Previous projects constructed with IBS concept were of low quality and high construction cost. 6. Lack of Incentive and Awareness: Due to the lack of incentive and promotion from government in the use of IBS, many many architects and engineers are still unaware of the basic elements of IBS such as modular co-ordination. 7. Lack of Scientific Information: An IBS system can only be acceptable to practitioners if its major advantages are valuable compared to the conventional system. However, up to date, there is inadequate corroborative evidence to substantiate the benefits of IBS system. It is therefore, arguable that the implementation of IBS is particularly hindered by lack of scientific information (Badir et al., 2002) 8. Wastage of Material: Standardization of building elements faces resistance from the construction industry due to aesthetic reservation and economic reason. One good example of this is when a 300mm thick modular standardized floor slab has to be used although a 260mm thick floor slab can achieve the similar structural performance. This results wastage of material (Waleed et al., 2003) Issue that related to IBS and contractor 1. IBS first time use by DBKL in infrastructure project of build a bridge Jalan Dewan Bahasa-Jalan Hang Tuah because of time saving and reduce traffic jam. This also can give benefit for those students that around the school area. Beside that, around 75 % of IBS have been use to prevent any problem that not complete according to the schedule. Ibs also can save time, reduce labour and site very clean, tidy and have quality. Mostly IBS is use for building. This project is the first infrastructure project using IBS. Moreover, the rest of the project will be using IBS. 2.9 Summary of the Chapter Nowadays in Malaysia, IBS still being developed and applied in new building. Mean while, the implementation level is still very low what has anticipate by the government. The purpose of IBS is very clear as an alternative for conventional method and also reduces the dependency of labour, and increase the performance in time, cost, and quality. The Government of Malaysia promote IBS component to the construction industrials. In the literature review have proved that there are many benefits of IBS but still is low usage among contractors and the implementation of using IBS level is still very low. Chapter 3 Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction Research methodology explains methods that used in the research study, what data have been collected, what method is adopted, why particular technique of analyzing data used; all of these will be answered in this chapter. The quantitative approach will be carried out in this research and the questionnaire survey method will be used in this research. This section of study will focus on the method of the study to achieve the objective of this research. The questionnaire has been chosen to survey the factors, and degree of acceptance, usage, advantages and comment of adoption in IBS. This method is saving in terms of time and cost as well as convenient as it can distributes to large amount of respondent but the possible also did not get receive any respond from respondent and the quality of the information gather from questionnaire might inconsistent and inaccurate and also need to be carefully analysis. 3.2 Method of Research Figure 3.1 shows the methods that be carried out in order to achieve the objective of this study and followed by the explanation of each step. Constructing Questionnaire Distribute Questionnaire Results Gathering and Analysing Conclusion Figure Method of Research 3.2.1 Construct the Questionnaire For the purpose of designing the question, the research objectives and literature review had been taken into account to lead to differentiate various issues, topics and ideas to create the questions in the questionnaire. The quantitative questionnaire will be use in this study. Before questionnaire to be produce out, there should be required to review thoroughly to the literature review and the research aim and objectives. This is to make sure that there will not be out of topic from the research, this is the initial stage for formulating question. Secondly, produce question that can achieve aim and objectives and related to literature review. The third stage is to make the questionnaire easy to understand and suitable with comprehensive but short enough, no leading question and double question. This will make respondents can fill up easily and faster due to the possibility that the respondents are busy. 3.2.1.1 The Rationale of Questionnaire Design The first part is ask about the background or experiences a

Organizational Diagnosis Plan Of Six Box Model Information Technology Essay

Organizational Diagnosis Plan Of Six Box Model Information Technology Essay The six-box model is a structure developed by the American analyst Marvin Weisbord to evaluate the performance of organizations. It is a general structure and is proposed for use across a wide variety of organizations. It is based mainly on the techniques and assumptions of the field of organizational improvement. The model represents a exacting way of looking at organizational structure and plan. It gives awareness to issues such as planning, incentives and rewards, the role of support functions such as personnel, internal competitions among organizational units, standards for remuneration, partnerships, hierarchies and the delegation of authority, organizational control, accountability and performance assessment. The model also follows the basic systems approach to organizational functioning including the well-known inputs and outputs categories. (The Marvin Weisbord Six-Box Model (Weisbords Model)) Table 1 1.0 Scope This plan provides information about Organizational Diagnosis control of XYZ. It is used to plan and implement organizational process based on a thorough understanding of the current strengths and weaknesses of the organizations processes and assets. 2.0 High-Level Overview Application Development is performed according to the phases of the Software Development Lifecycle. Below is a high-level overview. Each of these stages is described in more detail, in the sections that follow. Generally, a customer or site manager initiates a request for development based on the customers needs. The request is then analyzed to determine if it should be done as a request task or a project. If it should be a project, then it is analyzed to create a project charter. It should then be determined whether planning can be done with pre-allocated hours or whether a planning project is required. These results should be documented in the planning SOW, a planning schedule, and a PID if necessary. This can be done during by meeting with the customer depending on the scope of the project. The purpose of the planning project is to perform all of the planning and requirements analysis required in order to get an execution project approved. During the planning phase, business requirements and a project plan with all of its subordinate plans should be created. This can be done depending on the scope of the project. During the requirements analysis phase, the software requirements should be developed based on the project plan and business requirements. Then, an estimate should be created based on the project plan and software requirements. And finally, a schedule should be done based on the estimate, software requirements, and project plan. Once approved by the customer, these documents should be combined with an execution SOW. Once approved and resourced, the project and its resources are entered into the Project Lifecycle Application (PLA). Once approved, the execution project begins; and, the first phase is design. During this phase the architecture is developed and a test plan is created. The design and test plan are then reviewed and approved. Once approved, the construction phase begins. During this phase all components are created and integrated. The components will also be unit tested, integration tested, system tested, and then user tested. After construction, preparation to move the software to production is done. A Transition plan is created which is intended to train the support staff and users on the software and to coordinate its release to production. All help and support documentation should be created and approved. After the migration is complete, a post project meeting should be held to conduct lessons learned exercises. The Measurement Analysis repository should also be updated, analyzed and re-baseline when necessary. 2.1 Overview Organizational Diagnosis enables steady method routine across the organization and provides a foundation for cumulative, long-term benefits to the organization. The Quality Management System (QMS) is a group of items maintained by the organization for use by the employees and projects of the XYZ organization. This collection of items includes descriptions of diagnosis and process elements, descriptions of life-cycle models, process tailoring guidelines, process-related documentation, and data. The organizations Quality Management System supports organizational learning and process improvement by allowing the sharing of best practices and lessons learned across the organization. The organizations set of standard processes have been tailored by input from the Process Owners, XYZ QRB, MRB and the Director of Process Excellence to create XYZs defined processes. Additionally, tool manuals, templates, etc. have been incorporated into the extranet portal to provide all needed assets to perform the expected activities of a CMMI Level 3 and ISO 9001:2008 organization. 3.0 Purpose The purpose of Organizational Diagnosis Plan is to document and implement XYZ organizational diagnosis activities based on a thorough understanding of the current strengths and weaknesses of the organizations diagnosis and process assets. Vision: Grow into a leader in the Commercial industries by solving important logistics and supply chain problems on-time, under-budget, and with integrity and positive customer economic impact. Mission: Provide on time, on budget, logistics and technology solutions with unmatched integrity and business principles.   Values: Operate business with integrity and high ethical standards. 4.0 Structure The table two below provides a guide for the general software life cycle activities to which specific processes and procedures have been defined in this plan. A separate responsibility matrix has been provided that maps each activity and associated responsibilities. Some of the activities listed below may not apply depending on the project. The PMP will provide justification for skipping activities. QA functions are performed throughout the Product Development Life Cycle (PDLC) shown below: Software Lifecycle Activity Project Planning and Oversight Software Development Environment System Requirements Analysis System Design Software Requirements Analysis Software Design Software Implementation and Unit Testing Unit Integration and Testing CI Qualification Testing CI/Hardware Configuration Item (HWCI) Integration and Testing System Qualification Testing or software product inspection Software Use Preparation (Pre-deployment preparation) Software Transition Preparation (Deployment) Life Cycle Maintenance (On-going support) Table 2 Software Lifecycle Activity Table 3 Software Lifecycle Activity Break Down For a typical software product development, the PDLC will have a number of various activities some of which are show in table four below. These activities shown below are the typical activities that QA is typically involved in. Inception Analysis/Requirements Deployment Design Validation Develop/ Implement Table 4 Development Life Cycle (PDLC) 4.1 Management This section describes each key essentials of the XYZ organization that influence the quality of the developed product. The organization chart below provides the general structure of the XYZ organization. Table 5 Organization Chart Executive Management is responsible for Establishing the Quality Policy, and reviewing it for continuing suitability. Executive Management is responsible for Communicating the Quality Policy, the importance of meeting regulatory and statutory and customer requirements. Executive Management is responsible for identifying the Key Processes to be included in the QMS. Executive Management is responsible for identifying the data required for effective review of the QMS. Executive Management is the management review team. It is the responsibility of the Management Representative to schedule and conduct management review meetings in compliance with this procedure. The Management Representative is responsible for collecting summary reports and data from the responsible functions and for ensuring adequate employee awareness of the companys QMS. The Management Representative is responsible for bringing information and progress reports on action items assigned to them at previous management review meetings, information on planned changes that could affect the QMS, quality planning needs and activities and recommendations for improvements to the QMS. Executive Management consists of the Chief Executive Officer, Executive Vice President, Senior Vice Presidents, Vice Presidents, Senior Directors and the Management Representative. Product realization processes: the processes that contribute or result in the product being produced or the product being provided. Key Processes: product realization processes, customer related processes and quality management system processes that are included in the QMS. Each Software Development Project will have a Project Manager or Program Manager who is directly responsible for achieving the project objectives and defining the management team. The Project Management Structure will depend on the project size, scope and requirements. Table six below describes common configurations for the project management team. Table 6 Software Development Organization Chart The table seven below provides an overview of the roles and responsibilities of the personnel on the software development team. Role Responsibilities Program Manager The main responsibility of the Program Manager is to coordinate interdependencies between projects. The Program Manager may also be responsible for the direct management of a project. The responsibilities of the Program manager are: 1. Managing shared resources across all projects that are administered by the Program Manager 2. Identifying and developing project management methodology, best practices, and standards 3. Coaching , mentoring, training 4. Monitoring compliance with project management standards, policies, procedures, and templates through project audits (Conduct Quality Assurance reviews) 5. Developing and managing project policies, procedures, templates, and other shared documentation 6. Coordinating communication across projects 7. Manages major program scope changes 8. Ensure project teams have access to tools and repositories 9. Measure and report progress of project teams 10. Monitor and report status of key milestones and deliverables 11. Conduct regular status meetings 12. Monitor issue resolution 13. Manage change control process 14. Coordinate strategic initiatives through cross-project management 15. Promote and support software object reuse 16. Foster clear communication and synchronize activities among multiple project sites 17. Maintain project documentation repository 18. Monitor sign-off of key deliverables 19. Facilitate workshops and software trials 20. Conduct risk reviews Project Manager/Leader The Project Manager is the person assigned by the organization to achieve the project objectives and insure delivery of a quality product that is on budget and on-time. The responsibilities of the project manager are: 1. Focus on specified project objectives 2. Control the assigned project resources to best meet project objectives 3. Manages the constraints, (scope, schedule, cost, quality) of the project on a daily basis 4. Guide and evaluate the performance of the development team 5. Use project schedule and work breakdown structure produced to guide team in the implementation of the project 6. Provide continuous feedback to Project Team on status of project to include issues 7. Select, develop and oversee an effective team and allocate team members to project tasks and coordinate activities of sub-teams 8. Mediate problems encountered by team members 9. Report project progress to Program Manager and/or Senior Management 10. Ensure adherence to the project plan by all project participants 11. Conduct status meeting or report progress to customer and management 12. Communicate with the customer, program manager, senior management and stakeholders 13. Manage project Risk and Risk Mitigation 14. Define clear milestones and deliverables Team Lead A Team Lead is a experienced Software Engineer who is responsible for: 1. Oversee the work being done by other software developers/engineers on the team 2. Act as a mentor for new or less experiences software developers/engineers on the team 3. Act as a mentor for other members of the team 4. Delegates work to other members of the team 5. Monitors team progress and assists the Technical Lead with updating status of work activities 6. Responsible for ensuring that the work product(s) are delivered within the timeline 7. Responsible for ensuring the teams unit testing and code reviews are completed and appropriate 8. Responsible for ensuring that team deliverables are tested to criteria prior to handing off to testing Technical Lead A Technical Lead is a experienced Software Developer/ Engineer who is responsible for: 1. Responsible for the fundamental architecture of the software application 2. Recommends / researches software solutions 3. Recommends /researches COTS solutions 4. Oversee the work being done by other software developers/engineers 5. Act as a mentor for new or less experiences software developers/engineers 6. Act as a mentor for other members of the team 7. Act as an interface between the team members and the Project Manager 8. Delegates work to other members of the team 9. Assists the Project Manager with updating the work plan and activities 10. Responsible for ensuring that the work product(s) are delivered on time and on budget 11. Serves as the Project Managers technical advisor and provides programming perspective on requirements 12. Lead or attend meetings as required 13. Responsible for ensuring unit testing and code reviews are completed and appropriate 14. Responsible for ensuring that deliverables are tested to criteria prior to handing off to testing 15. Responsible for ensuring that all team members follow approved policies and procedures to include configuration management Software Developer/Engineer Responsible for designing and implementing an executable code solution, testing the resulting components, and analyzing runtime profiles to debug errors that might exist. A software developer may also be responsible for creating the softwares architecture and/or employing development tools. Database Administrator Responsible for the design, implementation, maintenance and repair of a database. Also responsible for the development and design of database strategies, performance, and security measures. Also responsible for mentoring/assisting junior DBAs and DBA programmers. Database Programmer Design, develop, and maintain database applications. Create Scripts; perform data maintenance or bug fixes. Write SQL statements and procedures/functions. Analyze, define and document system requirements for data, workflow, logical processes, interfaces with other systems, auditing, reporting requirements and production configuration. Software Architect Responsible for creating and maintaining the overall structure and layout of a software systems components and their interfaces within and outside of the system. Business Analyst Lead Performs a liaison function with the customer as required in addition to a role as a business analyst. Responsible for mentoring and assisting junior BAs. Business Analyst Responsible for analyzing the business needs of clients and stakeholders to help identify problems and propose solutions. Responsible for documenting, defining. And communicating customer requirements. May be required to document requirements using cases and UML. Systems Engineer Analyzes the role of the system in the broader enterprise, defines the requirements the system needs to meet, in terms of services and non-functional requirements, and defines the architecture of the system to meet the requirements. Systems architects may also be doing similar activities in their roles. Database Architect/Modeler Responsible for leading the coordination and collection of database requirements, documenting, organizing and communicating the requirements for the database, modeling the database architecture and ensuring it supports the business needs. Test Engineer Responsible for writing test plans, cases, and conditions for manual testing of the application Assisting with implementing an automated functional/regression test. Helping mentor other testers in testing and Best Practices. Supporting Quality Assurance initiatives. Reporting regular status of testing. Recording and tracking defects through use of designated tools. Writing automated test scripts for applications and databases. Software Quality Assurance Responsible for reviewing and commenting on the projects QA Plan. Implementing the quality program in accordance with this QA Plan. Developing statistical analysis and process quality metrics data for process and product performance using data from QA analysis/audits. Reporting on the results of all statistical analysis to the program/project management and other responsible parties. Performing root cause analysis on problem areas to help support improvement plans. Providing guidance and recommendations on improvement areas. User Experience Designer Responsible for translating customer requirements into defined user interfaces. Developing and maintaining design mockups, usage scenarios, prototypes, specifications, navigation maps and other design documents. Working with development teams to make sure that the workflow reflects the customers needs and ensure consistency among features. Defining innovative user interfaces and interaction styles which result in improved user productivity. If required may code/wire up UI screens to backend code. Configuration Management Responsible for reviewing and commenting on the projects QA Plan. Implementing the quality program in accordance with this QA Plan. Resolving and following-up on any quality issues raised by QA related to CM. Ensuring the quality factors are implemented in the software related to CM. Implementing the CM practices, processes, and procedures in accordance the companys quality policies and other program/project planning documents. Table 7 Roles and Responsibilities 4.2 Program/Project Roles and Responsibilities The following describes the functional groups that influence and control product quality in any project and their influence on QA functions and activities. Program Management is responsible for the following items: Establishing a quality program by committing the project to implement the Software Engineering Process Policy in accordance with the companys quality policies. Reviewing and approving the relevant QA Plan. Resolving and following-up on any quality issues raised by QA. Assisting the independent Quality Control (QC) group from the project to audit and report on the projects QA functions and compliance with prescribed standards. Identifying the quality factors to be implemented in the system and the project as a whole. Project Management is responsible for: Implementing the quality program in accordance with the companys quality policies. Identifying the QA activities to be performed by QA. Reviewing and approving the QA Plan. Identifying and funding an individual or an independent group from the project to perform the QA functions. Resolving and following-up on any quality issues raised by QA. Identifying and ensuring the quality factors to be implemented in the system and software. Identifying, developing and maintaining planning documents such as the Program Management Plan, Test Plans, and the QA Plan. Product/System Engineering when applicable is responsible for: Reviewing and commenting on the projects QA Plan. Implementing the quality program in accordance with the QA Plan. Resolving and following-up on any quality issues raised by QA related to software engineering activities. Identifying, implementing, and evaluating the quality factors to be implemented in the system (software and hardware). Implementing the engineering practices, processes, and procedures as in accordance the companys quality policies and other program/project planning documents. Product/Software Design/Development is responsible for: Reviewing and commenting on the projects QA Plan. Implementing the quality program in accordance with the QA Plan. Resolving and following-up on any quality issues raised by QA related to software design and development. Identifying, implementing, and evaluating the quality factors to be implemented in the software. Implementing the product/software design/development practices, processes, and procedures in accordance the companys quality policies and other program/project planning documents. Product/Software Test/Inspection is responsible for: Reviewing and commenting on the projects QA Plan. Implementing the quality program in accordance with the QA Plan. Resolving and following-up on any quality issues raised by QA related to product/software test. Verifying the quality factors are implemented in the system. Implementing the product/software test practices, processes, and procedures in accordance the companys quality policies and other program/project planning documents. Product/System Test is responsible for: Reviewing and commenting on the projects QA Plan. Implementing the quality program in accordance with the QA Plan. Resolving and following-up on any quality issues raised by QA as related to system test. Verifying the quality factors are implemented in the system (software and hardware). Implementing the system test practices, processes, and procedures in accordance the companys quality policies and other program/project planning documents. Configuration Management (CM) is responsible for: Reviewing and commenting on the projects QA Plan. Implementing the quality program in accordance with this QA Plan. Resolving and following-up on any quality issues raised by QA related to CM. Ensuring the quality factors are implemented in the software related to CM. Implementing the CM practices, processes, and procedures in accordance the companys quality policies and other program/project planning documents. Quality Control (QC) is responsible for: Reviewing and commenting on the projects QA Plan. Implementing the quality program in accordance with this QA Plan. Develop statistical analysis and process quality metrics data for process and product performance using data from QA analysis/audits Report on the results of all statistical analysis to the program/project management and other responsible parties Perform root cause analysis on problem areas to help support improvement plans Provide guidance and recommendations on improvement areas 4.3 Strategy and Business The Strategy and Business Development department is organized to include the front end pieces of the business which includes business development, business development support, marketing, proposal writing, capture, and strategy. The structure includes the designation of leaders to lead the Integrated Growth Team (IGT) for a specific swim lane of business. Here are the IGTs: 4.4 Commercial Logistics Services Leader Donald Duck Focus -Logistics services Defense Technology Leader Duffy Duck Focus Logistics technology solutions Adjacent Marketing Leader Red Bull/Mickey Mouse Focus State of Texas technology and maintenance related solutions Supply Chain Solutions Leader Red Ants Focus Commercial distribution industry via our indirect partner channel The structure also assigns resources to each IGT for various functional areas, but the actual resources from an organizational structure perspective reside in the originating department. The management of the Business Development support and proposal writing resources is done by the Director of Business Development Operations. The Strategy and Business Development department rolls up to the Senior Vice President. While the IGT leaders can push opportunities through the various gates, the final submission and pricing will need to be signed off by the following key positions: Senior Vice President of Strategy and Business Development Chief Executive Officer Executive Vice President Programs 4.6 Human resources 4.6.1 General To ensure competence of our personnel, job descriptions have been prepared identifying the qualifications required for each position that affects product quality. Qualifications include requirements for education, skills and experience. Appropriate qualifications, along with required training, provide the competence required for each position. 4.6.2 Competence, awareness and training Qualifications are reviewed upon hire, when an employee changes positions or the requirements for a position change. Human resources maintain records of employee qualifications. If any differences between the employees qualifications and the requirements for the job are found, training or other action is taken to provide the employee with the necessary competence for the job. The results are then evaluated to determine if they were effective. Training and evaluation are conducted according to the Human Resources. All employees are trained on the relevance and importance of their activities and how they contribute to the achievement of the quality objectives. 4.7 Business Manager Job Description A business manager may take on a variety of different positions within a business, all of which involve the planning, directing, and coordinating of operations within a company.   A business manager is also responsible for developing policies and managing the daily operations of the business.   A business manager may also be responsible for planning for the most efficient use of materials and human resources. A business manager may specialize in a specific area of business operations.   For example, a business manager may specialize in purchasing, personnel, or administrative services.   In other cases, a business manager may cover all aspects of business operation.   A business manager may also be held accountable for the accuracy of financial reporting for the business. 5.0 Rewards Rewards will be base on each project if they finish on time and under budget. During the testing if the software is found to have many bugs the rewards will be up to the management. The amount of rewards can be from twenty five dollars gift cards to two hundred dollars. The amount will be dependent on the Management Review Board to decide what the amounts will be given. 6.0 Helpful Mechanisms Executive Management is responsible for conducting Management Review meetings. The Quality Management Representative schedules the QMS meetings and notifies 6.1 Management Review Team. Management Review Team is responsible for bringing information and progress reports on action items assigned to them at previous management review meetings, information on planned changes that could affect the QMS, quality planning needs and activities, and recommendations for improvements to the QMS; reviewing Management Review Items; and recommending dispositions in their respective areas of responsibility. 6.2 Quality Management System XYZ developed and implemented a Quality Management System in order to document the companys best business practices, better satisfy the requirements and expectations of its customers and improve the overall management of the company. The Quality Management System of XYZ meets the requirements of the international standard ISO 9001:2008. This system addresses the design, development, production, installation, and servicing of the companys products. Each policy statement is followed by specific information pertaining to the procedures that describe the methods used to implement the necessary requirements. This manual is used internally to guide the companys employees through the various requirements of the ISO standard that must be met and maintained in order to ensure customer satisfaction, continuous improvement and provide the necessary instructions that create an empowered work force. This manual is used externally to introduce our Quality Management System to our customers and other external organizations or individuals. The manual is used to familiarize them with the controls that have been implemented and to assure them that the integrity of the Quality Management System is maintained and focused on customer satisfaction and continuous improvement. 6.3 Quality Review Board The primary purpose of the XYZ Quality Review Board is to review and audit XYZs operating plans, policies, processes, work instructions, forms, templates and procedures. The XYZ Quality Review Board will assure XYZ business processes are in compliance with, but not limited to, adopted process frameworks such as Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Lean, and Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL). 6.4 Management Review Board MRB is responsible for Establishing the Quality Policy, and reviewing it for continuing suitability. MRB is responsible for Communicating the Quality Policy, the importance of meeting regulatory and statutory and customer requirements. MRB is responsible for identifying the Key Processes to be included in the QMS. MRB is responsible for identifying the data required for effective review of the QMS. MRB is responsible for bringing information and progress reports on action items assigned to

August Wilsons Rose: Surviving the Love and Deception Essay -- Litera

Alan Nadel in May All Your Fences Have Gates: Essays on the Drama of August Wilson states â€Å"August Wilson’s female characters are represented as nurturers† (6-7).This is exactly how August Wilson presents Rose to his readers. A key element is that Wilson names her after a flower just as his own mother; whose name was Daisy. It is apparent that through Rose, August Wilson wants us to see his mother. He intentionally portrays her as the caring, ideal woman, and one who stands by her man no matter how difficult this may be. Nadel also mentions: â€Å"What differentiates them is how they interpret the concept of nurturing, and what sacrifices they have to make in the process, for Wolfson’s world is always necessarily one of scarcity and limitation† (6-7). Evidently, Rose is submissive, powerful, caring and very nurturing. This is how women were anticipated to be in this era. Although Rose is submissive at the beginning of the play, she becomes a powerful woman at the end. Rose proves this when she decides to raise Raynell and by becoming involved in the church. Rose first marries Troy because she knew he would provide for her and the children they would have someday. Rose is determined to make her marriage work, even if it means giving up a little bit of herself in the process. She was certain she would be able to make Troy happy. The fact that Troy is older and confident is an important factor. Troy provides the stability that she needs. Rose was willing to be submissive as long as Troy remained faithful. Her kind-heartedness was profound. Rose took care of Troy for many years. Her nurturing ways were what made her who she was, the always caring wife, mother, and friend. Everyone who knew Rose knew s... ...right for her family. Rose rarely thought of herself. Her dream of a happy marriage would no longer be. Could she somehow relate to this poem? What happens to dream deferred? By Langston Hughes Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬--- And then run? Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over--- Like syrupy sweet? Maybe it just sags like a heavy load. Or does it explode? Fortunately for Rose, she did not explode. At the end of the play she still has her pride. Works Cited Hughes, Langston. What happens to a dream deferred? Poem, 1951. Nadel, Alan. May All Your Fences Have Gates: Essays on the Drama of August Wilson. Iowa City: U. of Iowa Press, 1994. Print. Wilson, August. Fences. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 2007. Print.

rolemodel :: essays research papers

Harms 1: 18,000 Africans illegally held in jails and prison camps According to the United Nations based Organization for Human Rights, at least 18,000 Africans are now being illegally held in jails and prison camps. The prisoners are held without charge and denied access to lawyers, family and friends for months on end. April 22, 2004 2: UN camps hold violent offenders Chronology of Malino Accord Violations in Poso - 2003 (28/11/2003) #6965 Ever since the Malino Accord in December 2001 there have been repeated provocative violations of the agreement. In January and February 2002 there were some promising signs that perhaps the Malino Accord could produce a lasting peace. Thousands of weapons, mainly hand-made, were handed in by both the Muslim and Christian communities and destroyed by the police. There were, however, serious concerns from the Christian community due to the absence of the organic or military issue weapons being handed in by the Laskar Jihad. Such weapons had been regularly seen being carried around the streets of Poso, during attacks on villages and even photographed at Jihad inspection posts on the main highway during November 2001. 3: Shooting, bombing heighten tensions in Africa’s Poso district A bombing and shooting have heightened tensions in Indonesia's religiously-divided Poso district during the Eid al-Fitr Islamic holiday. However, police say no one was hurt. Authorities say a bomb exploded in a field in the Gebang Rejo residential area of Poso town on Tuesday but no damage was caused. Another device found nearby was defused by a police bomb squad.Meanwhile, a volley of shots was fired in the town's Lawanga district. Poso police chief, Abdi Darma, reportedly said the attacks were only meant to spread fear among people 4: Rape Used to Intimidate Rape is widespread and committed with impunity; in most Refugee camps by what in America we call the gang syndicate. The culture of impunity contributes to an atmosphere in which rape is permissible. RI documented 43 rapes among women from the Karen, Karenni, Mon, Tavoyan and Shan ethnic groups. Some 75 percent of women interviewed reported knowing someone who had been raped. The group released a report last year documenting 625 sex attacks on women and girls. The report contains graphic allegations. Testimony from one woman claiming that she witnessed the raping of a woman While she fetched water the woman's husband was forced to watch as the Refuge leader (Zu Zawany) raped and killed his wife, before turning their guns on him

A Streetcar Named Desire Film Analysis Essay

These actors take on the difficult task of bringing two complex, emotional characters onto the silver screen. With spot-on reactions to each others’ theatrical advances, the pair create an experience that is both enjoyable and expressively coherant. Vivian Leigh was cast for the role of Blanch DuBois for various reasons. She was white, slender, beautiful and had already acted in several other films. Tennessee Williams, the author of the original play, saw Leigh’s performances in plays such as â€Å"The School for Scandal† and â€Å"Antigone†, and decided that she was perfect for the role. All that Leigh needed to change was the color of her hair, which was originally black. Leigh does a splendid job of portraying Blanche’s ascending insanity by seamlessly transitioning from melodramatic anguish into her signature faux semblants, or pretense. An example of this is the scene where Blanche sits alone in Stella’s apartment crying until a delivery man comes to the door. Blanche is then quickly transformed into a mysterious temptress who seduces the young man into kissing her. Leigh’s uncommon ability to switch from such extreme emotions brings a refreshing distinction to the film. Blanche’s eccentric and offbeat personality requires a talented actress to be be fully realized. Leigh’s acting style works well with the other actors’, and expresses a coherence so profound that one might often forget that she is acting. The role of Harold Mitchell was one that needed to be fulfilled in order for the script to make sense. Mitch is described as being two hundred and seven pounds, six foot one and having â€Å"a massive bone structure†. His physique is an important aspect of his character, thus making it imperative for the actor to meet these conditions to be casted for the role. Karl Malden is tall and bulky, with a large nose and a receding hairline. These traits accenuate Mitch’s awkward demeanor and informs the audience of how lonely he is without him having to say it. Malden also shares Leigh’s ability to transition between emotional extremes. For instance, in the beginning of the scene where Mitch confronts Blanche about her lies, he is silent. Though after hearing more of her absurd grip on reality, he snaps into an aggressive brute who pins Blanche to the wall. Malden’s on-screen chemistry with Leigh is apparent throughout the film, and is believable the entire time. Vivian Leigh and Karl Malden’s performances perfectly depicted the tragic twosome that is Blanche and Mitch. With Leigh’s seamless transitions of polar-opposite emotions and Malden’s angry yet passsionate fits of rage, the two give what are easily the best performances of the film. From their intriguing introductionto their dreadful departure, no purer chemistry has been captured so passionately.

Hughes and Blues: Double Consciousness

A small yet significant example in The Big Sea takes place after Hughes becomes a seaman on a merchant ship at the age of twenty-one and takes his trip to Africa. As the ship arrives along the coast, Hughes writes that the regular ere acquires a ‘supplemental' crew of Africans, as the current crew he was with â€Å"weren't supposed to be able to stand the sun† (Hughes 320). Hughes states this simplistically, as though that's the only angle to the regular crews' reasoning.The sentence immediately following this oversimplified statement reads, â€Å"Then I had an African boy to do my washing, my cleaning, and almost all my work-as did everybody on board† (Hughes 320). Considering Hughes Just used the entire previous paragraph to describe his duties as seaman, it becomes obvious to the reader that Hughes is sing the African boy much In the way a white American would employ a minority to tend their house, do their yard- or fieldwork, cook and clean, taking advantage o f the boys need for money.Hughes then Justifies using the African child as a sort of housekeeper by saying everyone else is doing it, and, â€Å"The Africans stood both work an sun without difficulty, it seems† (Hughes 320), and with those two lines, Hughes pretty much restates two of the original arguments for slavery. In Rampart's The Life of Longs Hughes, Hughes is occasionally depicted as dealing with the internal struggle of double consciousness, such as after the publication of his book of poems, Fine Clothes to the Jew.A collection of poems that, as Hughes describes first- handedly as, â€Å"a better book than my first, because it was more impersonal, more about other people than myself† (Hughes 394). He considered the collection to be an honest glimpse into the world of African-American issues, and white America applauded the book. However, his black critics denounced it as garbage, and proclaimed Hughes to be (Ramped 140) and the ;poet Loretta of Harlem† (Hughes 396).Hughes' relationship with Charlotte Mason, or Godmother as she liked to be called, Is spotted with a few examples of double consciousness. Meeting Mason through Lain Locke, Hughes was immediately taken under her wing in her effort to â€Å"elevate African culture to its rightful place of honor† (Ramped 147), and enlisted to create literary works of art. Seduced by the opportunity to work on his poetry and various writings without the uncertainty of poverty, Hughes went to work for Godmother in exchange for financial security, automaton an entire KICK Dates on Mason's demands.Longs Hughes' Tie was filled with examples of the tumultuous battle of double consciousness, from early life to old age, whether in Harlem or traveling around the world. His literature manages to explore both the assimilation of African-American into the Euro-American culture as well as the recognition and retention of the cultural aspects unique to the African- American community. Bibliogra phy Ramped, Arnold. The Life of Longs Hughes. New York: Oxford UP, 1986. Print. Hughes, Longs. The Longs Hughes Reader. New York: G. Brazier, 1958. Print